| 1 | .. _changes:
|
| 2 |
|
| 3 | Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
|
| 4 | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
| 5 |
|
| 6 | Intro
|
| 7 | =====
|
| 8 |
|
| 9 | This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
|
| 10 | software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
|
| 11 |
|
| 12 | This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
|
| 13 | and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
|
| 14 | Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
|
| 15 | 'net).
|
| 16 |
|
| 17 | Current Minimal Requirements
|
| 18 | ****************************
|
| 19 |
|
| 20 | Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
|
| 21 | encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
|
| 22 | running, the suggested command should tell you.
|
| 23 |
|
| 24 | Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
|
| 25 | running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
|
| 26 | systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
|
| 27 | you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.
|
| 28 |
|
| 29 | ====================== =============== ========================================
|
| 30 | Program Minimal version Command to check the version
|
| 31 | ====================== =============== ========================================
|
| 32 | GNU C 3.2 gcc --version
|
| 33 | GNU make 3.81 make --version
|
| 34 | binutils 2.20 ld -v
|
| 35 | util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
|
| 36 | module-init-tools 0.9.10 depmod -V
|
| 37 | e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
|
| 38 | jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
|
| 39 | reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
|
| 40 | xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
|
| 41 | squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
|
| 42 | btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
|
| 43 | pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
|
| 44 | quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
|
| 45 | PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
|
| 46 | isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
|
| 47 | nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
|
| 48 | procps 3.2.0 ps --version
|
| 49 | oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
|
| 50 | udev 081 udevd --version
|
| 51 | grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
|
| 52 | mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
|
| 53 | iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
|
| 54 | openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
|
| 55 | bc 1.06.95 bc --version
|
| 56 | Sphinx\ 1.2 sphinx-build --version
|
| 57 | ====================== =============== ========================================
|
| 58 |
|
| 59 |
|
| 60 |
|
| 61 | Kernel compilation
|
| 62 | ******************
|
| 63 |
|
| 64 | GCC
|
| 65 | ---
|
| 66 |
|
| 67 | The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
|
| 68 | computer.
|
| 69 |
|
| 70 | Make
|
| 71 | ----
|
| 72 |
|
| 73 | You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
|
| 74 |
|
| 75 | Binutils
|
| 76 | --------
|
| 77 |
|
| 78 | The build system has, as of 4.13, switched to using thin archives (`ar T`)
|
| 79 | rather than incremental linking (`ld -r`) for built-in.o intermediate steps.
|
| 80 | This requires binutils 2.20 or newer.
|
| 81 |
|
| 82 | Perl
|
| 83 | ----
|
| 84 |
|
| 85 | You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
|
| 86 | ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
|
| 87 |
|
| 88 | BC
|
| 89 | --
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 | You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
|
| 92 |
|
| 93 |
|
| 94 | OpenSSL
|
| 95 | -------
|
| 96 |
|
| 97 | Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
|
| 98 | crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
|
| 99 |
|
| 100 | You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
|
| 101 | enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
|
| 102 | and higher.
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
|
| 105 | System utilities
|
| 106 | ****************
|
| 107 |
|
| 108 | Architectural changes
|
| 109 | ---------------------
|
| 110 |
|
| 111 | DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
|
| 112 | (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
|
| 113 |
|
| 114 | 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
|
| 115 |
|
| 116 | Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
|
| 117 | documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
|
| 118 | definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
|
| 119 | files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
|
| 120 | then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
|
| 121 | In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
|
| 122 | Sphinx.
|
| 123 |
|
| 124 | Util-linux
|
| 125 | ----------
|
| 126 |
|
| 127 | New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
|
| 128 | support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
|
| 129 | types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
|
| 130 | You'll probably want to upgrade.
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 | Ksymoops
|
| 133 | --------
|
| 134 |
|
| 135 | If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
|
| 136 | ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
|
| 137 | It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
|
| 138 | that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
|
| 139 | produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
|
| 140 | is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
|
| 141 | reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
|
| 142 | with ksymoops.
|
| 143 |
|
| 144 | Module-Init-Tools
|
| 145 | -----------------
|
| 146 |
|
| 147 | A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires ``module-init-tools``
|
| 148 | to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
|
| 149 |
|
| 150 | Mkinitrd
|
| 151 | --------
|
| 152 |
|
| 153 | These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
|
| 154 | mkinitrd be upgraded.
|
| 155 |
|
| 156 | E2fsprogs
|
| 157 | ---------
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 | The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
|
| 160 | debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
|
| 161 |
|
| 162 | JFSutils
|
| 163 | --------
|
| 164 |
|
| 165 | The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
|
| 166 | The following utilities are available:
|
| 167 |
|
| 168 | - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
|
| 169 | and repair a JFS formatted partition.
|
| 170 |
|
| 171 | - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
|
| 172 |
|
| 173 | - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
|
| 174 |
|
| 175 | Reiserfsprogs
|
| 176 | -------------
|
| 177 |
|
| 178 | The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
|
| 179 | (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
|
| 180 | versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
|
| 181 | ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
|
| 182 |
|
| 183 | Xfsprogs
|
| 184 | --------
|
| 185 |
|
| 186 | The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
|
| 187 | ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
|
| 188 | architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
|
| 189 | work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
|
| 190 | later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
|
| 191 |
|
| 192 | PCMCIAutils
|
| 193 | -----------
|
| 194 |
|
| 195 | PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
|
| 196 | PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
|
| 197 | for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
|
| 198 | subsystem is used.
|
| 199 |
|
| 200 | Quota-tools
|
| 201 | -----------
|
| 202 |
|
| 203 | Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
|
| 204 | the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
|
| 205 | newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
|
| 206 | from the table above.
|
| 207 |
|
| 208 | Intel IA32 microcode
|
| 209 | --------------------
|
| 210 |
|
| 211 | A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
|
| 212 | accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
|
| 213 | udev you may need to::
|
| 214 |
|
| 215 | mkdir /dev/cpu
|
| 216 | mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
|
| 217 | chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
|
| 218 |
|
| 219 | as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
|
| 220 | get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
|
| 221 |
|
| 222 | udev
|
| 223 | ----
|
| 224 |
|
| 225 | ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
|
| 226 | only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
|
| 227 | functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
|
| 228 | devices.
|
| 229 |
|
| 230 | FUSE
|
| 231 | ----
|
| 232 |
|
| 233 | Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
|
| 234 | options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
|
| 235 |
|
| 236 | Networking
|
| 237 | **********
|
| 238 |
|
| 239 | General changes
|
| 240 | ---------------
|
| 241 |
|
| 242 | If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
|
| 243 | consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
|
| 244 |
|
| 245 | Packet Filter / NAT
|
| 246 | -------------------
|
| 247 | The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
|
| 248 | kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
|
| 249 | for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
|
| 250 |
|
| 251 | PPP
|
| 252 | ---
|
| 253 |
|
| 254 | The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
|
| 255 | enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
|
| 256 | upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
|
| 257 |
|
| 258 | If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
|
| 259 | which can be made by::
|
| 260 |
|
| 261 | mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
|
| 262 |
|
| 263 | as root.
|
| 264 |
|
| 265 | Isdn4k-utils
|
| 266 | ------------
|
| 267 |
|
| 268 | Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
|
| 269 | needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
|
| 270 |
|
| 271 | NFS-utils
|
| 272 | ---------
|
| 273 |
|
| 274 | In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
|
| 275 | about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
|
| 276 | information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
|
| 277 | mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
|
| 278 | would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
|
| 279 |
|
| 280 | This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
|
| 281 | which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
|
| 282 | fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
|
| 283 | getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
|
| 284 |
|
| 285 | With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
|
| 286 | when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
|
| 287 | appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
|
| 288 | dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
|
| 289 | currently active clients.
|
| 290 |
|
| 291 | To enable this new functionality, you need to::
|
| 292 |
|
| 293 | mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
|
| 294 |
|
| 295 | before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
|
| 296 | services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
|
| 297 | that is possible.
|
| 298 |
|
| 299 | mcelog
|
| 300 | ------
|
| 301 |
|
| 302 | On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
|
| 303 | events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
|
| 304 | reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
|
| 305 |
|
| 306 | Kernel documentation
|
| 307 | ********************
|
| 308 |
|
| 309 | Sphinx
|
| 310 | ------
|
| 311 |
|
| 312 | The ReST markups currently used by the Documentation/ files are meant to be
|
| 313 | built with ``Sphinx`` version 1.2 or upper. If you're desiring to build
|
| 314 | PDF outputs, it is recommended to use version 1.4.6.
|
| 315 |
|
| 316 | .. note::
|
| 317 |
|
| 318 | Please notice that, for PDF and LaTeX output, you'll also need ``XeLaTeX``
|
| 319 | version 3.14159265. Depending on the distribution, you may also need to
|
| 320 | install a series of ``texlive`` packages that provide the minimal set of
|
| 321 | functionalities required for ``XeLaTex`` to work. For PDF output you'll also
|
| 322 | need ``convert(1)`` from ImageMagick (https://www.imagemagick.org).
|
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
|
| 325 | Getting updated software
|
| 326 | ========================
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 | Kernel compilation
|
| 329 | ******************
|
| 330 |
|
| 331 | gcc
|
| 332 | ---
|
| 333 |
|
| 334 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
|
| 335 |
|
| 336 | Make
|
| 337 | ----
|
| 338 |
|
| 339 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
|
| 340 |
|
| 341 | Binutils
|
| 342 | --------
|
| 343 |
|
| 344 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
|
| 345 |
|
| 346 | OpenSSL
|
| 347 | -------
|
| 348 |
|
| 349 | - <https://www.openssl.org/>
|
| 350 |
|
| 351 | System utilities
|
| 352 | ****************
|
| 353 |
|
| 354 | Util-linux
|
| 355 | ----------
|
| 356 |
|
| 357 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
|
| 358 |
|
| 359 | Ksymoops
|
| 360 | --------
|
| 361 |
|
| 362 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
|
| 363 |
|
| 364 | Module-Init-Tools
|
| 365 | -----------------
|
| 366 |
|
| 367 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/module-init-tools/>
|
| 368 |
|
| 369 | Mkinitrd
|
| 370 | --------
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 | - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
|
| 373 |
|
| 374 | E2fsprogs
|
| 375 | ---------
|
| 376 |
|
| 377 | - <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
|
| 378 |
|
| 379 | JFSutils
|
| 380 | --------
|
| 381 |
|
| 382 | - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
|
| 383 |
|
| 384 | Reiserfsprogs
|
| 385 | -------------
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 | - <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
|
| 388 |
|
| 389 | Xfsprogs
|
| 390 | --------
|
| 391 |
|
| 392 | - <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
|
| 393 |
|
| 394 | Pcmciautils
|
| 395 | -----------
|
| 396 |
|
| 397 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
|
| 398 |
|
| 399 | Quota-tools
|
| 400 | -----------
|
| 401 |
|
| 402 | - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
|
| 405 | Intel P6 microcode
|
| 406 | ------------------
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 | - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
|
| 409 |
|
| 410 | udev
|
| 411 | ----
|
| 412 |
|
| 413 | - <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
|
| 414 |
|
| 415 | FUSE
|
| 416 | ----
|
| 417 |
|
| 418 | - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 | mcelog
|
| 421 | ------
|
| 422 |
|
| 423 | - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
|
| 424 |
|
| 425 | Networking
|
| 426 | **********
|
| 427 |
|
| 428 | PPP
|
| 429 | ---
|
| 430 |
|
| 431 | - <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
|
| 432 |
|
| 433 | Isdn4k-utils
|
| 434 | ------------
|
| 435 |
|
| 436 | - <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 | NFS-utils
|
| 439 | ---------
|
| 440 |
|
| 441 | - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
|
| 442 |
|
| 443 | Iptables
|
| 444 | --------
|
| 445 |
|
| 446 | - <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
|
| 447 |
|
| 448 | Ip-route2
|
| 449 | ---------
|
| 450 |
|
| 451 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
|
| 452 |
|
| 453 | OProfile
|
| 454 | --------
|
| 455 |
|
| 456 | - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
|
| 457 |
|
| 458 | NFS-Utils
|
| 459 | ---------
|
| 460 |
|
| 461 | - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
|
| 462 |
|
| 463 | Kernel documentation
|
| 464 | ********************
|
| 465 |
|
| 466 | Sphinx
|
| 467 | ------
|
| 468 |
|
| 469 | - <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
|