| 1 | .. _changes:
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| 2 |
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| 3 | Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
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| 4 | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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| 5 |
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| 6 | Intro
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| 7 | =====
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| 8 |
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| 9 | This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
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| 10 | software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
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| 11 |
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| 12 | This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
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| 13 | and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
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| 14 | Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
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| 15 | 'net).
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| 16 |
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| 17 | Current Minimal Requirements
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| 18 | ****************************
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| 19 |
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| 20 | Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
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| 21 | encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
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| 22 | running, the suggested command should tell you.
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| 23 |
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| 24 | Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
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| 25 | running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
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| 26 | systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
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| 27 | you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
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| 28 |
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| 29 | ====================== =============== ========================================
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| 30 | Program Minimal version Command to check the version
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| 31 | ====================== =============== ========================================
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| 32 | GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
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| 33 | Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
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| 34 | GNU make 3.81 make --version
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| 35 | binutils 2.23 ld -v
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| 36 | flex 2.5.35 flex --version
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| 37 | bison 2.0 bison --version
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| 38 | util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
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| 39 | kmod 13 depmod -V
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| 40 | e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
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| 41 | jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
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| 42 | reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
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| 43 | xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
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| 44 | squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
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| 45 | btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
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| 46 | pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
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| 47 | quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
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| 48 | PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
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| 49 | nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
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| 50 | procps 3.2.0 ps --version
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| 51 | udev 081 udevd --version
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| 52 | grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
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| 53 | mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
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| 54 | iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
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| 55 | openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
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| 56 | bc 1.06.95 bc --version
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| 57 | Sphinx\ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
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| 58 | ====================== =============== ========================================
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| 59 |
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| 60 |
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| 61 |
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| 62 | Kernel compilation
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| 63 | ******************
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| 64 |
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| 65 | GCC
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| 66 | ---
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| 67 |
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| 68 | The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
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| 69 | computer.
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| 70 |
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| 71 | Clang/LLVM (optional)
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| 72 | ---------------------
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| 73 |
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| 74 | The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
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| 75 | `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
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| 76 | kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
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| 77 | from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
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| 78 | docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
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| 79 |
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| 80 | Make
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| 81 | ----
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| 82 |
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| 83 | You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
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| 84 |
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| 85 | Binutils
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| 86 | --------
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| 87 |
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| 88 | Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
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| 89 |
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| 90 | pkg-config
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| 91 | ----------
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| 92 |
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| 93 | The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
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| 94 | kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
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| 95 | 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
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| 96 | verified or documented.
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| 97 |
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| 98 | Flex
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| 99 | ----
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| 100 |
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| 101 | Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
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| 102 | during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
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| 103 |
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| 104 |
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| 105 | Bison
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| 106 | -----
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| 107 |
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| 108 | Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
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| 109 | during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
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| 110 |
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| 111 | Perl
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| 112 | ----
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| 113 |
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| 114 | You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
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| 115 | ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
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| 116 |
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| 117 | BC
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| 118 | --
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| 119 |
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| 120 | You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
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| 121 |
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| 122 |
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| 123 | OpenSSL
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| 124 | -------
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| 125 |
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| 126 | Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
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| 127 | crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
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| 128 |
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| 129 | You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
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| 130 | enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
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| 131 | and higher.
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| 132 |
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| 133 |
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| 134 | System utilities
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| 135 | ****************
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| 136 |
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| 137 | Architectural changes
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| 138 | ---------------------
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| 139 |
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| 140 | DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
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| 141 | (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
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| 142 |
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| 143 | 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
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| 144 |
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| 145 | Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
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| 146 | documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
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| 147 | definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
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| 148 | files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
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| 149 | then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
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| 150 | In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
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| 151 | Sphinx.
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| 152 |
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| 153 | Util-linux
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| 154 | ----------
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| 155 |
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| 156 | New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
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| 157 | support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
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| 158 | types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
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| 159 | You'll probably want to upgrade.
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| 160 |
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| 161 | Ksymoops
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| 162 | --------
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| 163 |
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| 164 | If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
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| 165 | ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
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| 166 | It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
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| 167 | that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
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| 168 | produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
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| 169 | is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
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| 170 | reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
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| 171 | with ksymoops.
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| 172 |
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| 173 | Mkinitrd
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| 174 | --------
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| 175 |
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| 176 | These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
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| 177 | mkinitrd be upgraded.
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| 178 |
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| 179 | E2fsprogs
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| 180 | ---------
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| 181 |
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| 182 | The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
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| 183 | debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
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| 184 |
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| 185 | JFSutils
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| 186 | --------
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| 187 |
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| 188 | The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
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| 189 | The following utilities are available:
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| 190 |
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| 191 | - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
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| 192 | and repair a JFS formatted partition.
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| 193 |
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| 194 | - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
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| 195 |
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| 196 | - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
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| 197 |
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| 198 | Reiserfsprogs
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| 199 | -------------
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| 200 |
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| 201 | The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
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| 202 | (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
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| 203 | versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
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| 204 | ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
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| 205 |
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| 206 | Xfsprogs
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| 207 | --------
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| 208 |
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| 209 | The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
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| 210 | ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
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| 211 | architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
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| 212 | work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
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| 213 | later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
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| 214 |
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| 215 | PCMCIAutils
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| 216 | -----------
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| 217 |
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| 218 | PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
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| 219 | PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
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| 220 | for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
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| 221 | subsystem is used.
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| 222 |
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| 223 | Quota-tools
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| 224 | -----------
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| 225 |
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| 226 | Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
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| 227 | the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
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| 228 | newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
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| 229 | from the table above.
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| 230 |
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| 231 | Intel IA32 microcode
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| 232 | --------------------
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| 233 |
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| 234 | A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
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| 235 | accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
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| 236 | udev you may need to::
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| 237 |
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| 238 | mkdir /dev/cpu
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| 239 | mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
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| 240 | chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
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| 241 |
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| 242 | as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
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| 243 | get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
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| 244 |
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| 245 | udev
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| 246 | ----
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| 247 |
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| 248 | ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
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| 249 | only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
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| 250 | functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
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| 251 | devices.
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| 252 |
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| 253 | FUSE
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| 254 | ----
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| 255 |
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| 256 | Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
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| 257 | options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
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| 258 |
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| 259 | Networking
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| 260 | **********
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| 261 |
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| 262 | General changes
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| 263 | ---------------
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| 264 |
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| 265 | If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
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| 266 | consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
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| 267 |
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| 268 | Packet Filter / NAT
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| 269 | -------------------
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| 270 | The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
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| 271 | kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
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| 272 | for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
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| 273 |
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| 274 | PPP
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| 275 | ---
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| 276 |
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| 277 | The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
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| 278 | enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
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| 279 | upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
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| 280 |
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| 281 | If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
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| 282 | which can be made by::
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| 283 |
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| 284 | mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
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| 285 |
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| 286 | as root.
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| 287 |
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| 288 | NFS-utils
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| 289 | ---------
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| 290 |
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| 291 | In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
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| 292 | about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
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| 293 | information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
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| 294 | mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
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| 295 | would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
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| 296 |
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| 297 | This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
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| 298 | which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
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| 299 | fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
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| 300 | getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
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| 301 |
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| 302 | With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
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| 303 | when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
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| 304 | appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
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| 305 | dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
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| 306 | currently active clients.
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| 307 |
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| 308 | To enable this new functionality, you need to::
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| 309 |
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| 310 | mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
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| 311 |
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| 312 | before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
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| 313 | services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
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| 314 | that is possible.
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| 315 |
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| 316 | mcelog
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| 317 | ------
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| 318 |
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| 319 | On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
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| 320 | events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
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| 321 | reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
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| 322 |
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| 323 | Kernel documentation
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| 324 | ********************
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| 325 |
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| 326 | Sphinx
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| 327 | ------
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| 328 |
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| 329 | Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
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| 330 | for details about Sphinx requirements.
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| 331 |
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| 332 | Getting updated software
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| 333 | ========================
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| 334 |
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| 335 | Kernel compilation
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| 336 | ******************
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| 337 |
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| 338 | gcc
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| 339 | ---
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| 340 |
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| 341 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
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| 342 |
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| 343 | Clang/LLVM
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| 344 | ----------
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| 345 |
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| 346 | - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
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| 347 |
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| 348 | Make
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| 349 | ----
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| 350 |
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| 351 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
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| 352 |
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| 353 | Binutils
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| 354 | --------
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| 355 |
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| 356 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
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| 357 |
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| 358 | Flex
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| 359 | ----
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| 360 |
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| 361 | - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
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| 362 |
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| 363 | Bison
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| 364 | -----
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| 365 |
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| 366 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
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| 367 |
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| 368 | OpenSSL
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| 369 | -------
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| 370 |
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| 371 | - <https://www.openssl.org/>
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| 372 |
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| 373 | System utilities
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| 374 | ****************
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| 375 |
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| 376 | Util-linux
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| 377 | ----------
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| 378 |
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| 379 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
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| 380 |
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| 381 | Kmod
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| 382 | ----
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| 383 |
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| 384 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
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| 385 | - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
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| 386 |
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| 387 | Ksymoops
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| 388 | --------
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| 389 |
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| 390 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
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| 391 |
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| 392 | Mkinitrd
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| 393 | --------
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| 394 |
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| 395 | - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
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| 396 |
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| 397 | E2fsprogs
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| 398 | ---------
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| 399 |
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| 400 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
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| 401 | - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
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| 402 |
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| 403 | JFSutils
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| 404 | --------
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| 405 |
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| 406 | - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
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| 407 |
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| 408 | Reiserfsprogs
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| 409 | -------------
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| 410 |
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| 411 | - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
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| 412 |
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| 413 | Xfsprogs
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| 414 | --------
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| 415 |
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| 416 | - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
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| 417 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
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| 418 |
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| 419 | Pcmciautils
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| 420 | -----------
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| 421 |
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| 422 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
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| 423 |
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| 424 | Quota-tools
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| 425 | -----------
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| 426 |
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| 427 | - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
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| 428 |
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| 429 |
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| 430 | Intel P6 microcode
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| 431 | ------------------
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| 432 |
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| 433 | - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
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| 434 |
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| 435 | udev
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| 436 | ----
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| 437 |
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| 438 | - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
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| 439 |
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| 440 | FUSE
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| 441 | ----
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| 442 |
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| 443 | - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
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| 444 |
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| 445 | mcelog
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| 446 | ------
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| 447 |
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| 448 | - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
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| 449 |
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| 450 | Networking
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| 451 | **********
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| 452 |
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| 453 | PPP
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| 454 | ---
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| 455 |
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| 456 | - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
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| 457 | - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
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| 458 | - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
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| 459 |
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| 460 | NFS-utils
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| 461 | ---------
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| 462 |
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| 463 | - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
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| 464 |
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| 465 | Iptables
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| 466 | --------
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| 467 |
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| 468 | - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
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| 469 |
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| 470 | Ip-route2
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| 471 | ---------
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| 472 |
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| 473 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
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| 474 |
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| 475 | OProfile
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| 476 | --------
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| 477 |
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| 478 | - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
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| 479 |
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| 480 | NFS-Utils
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| 481 | ---------
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| 482 |
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| 483 | - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
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| 484 |
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| 485 | Kernel documentation
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| 486 | ********************
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| 487 |
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| 488 | Sphinx
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| 489 | ------
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| 490 |
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| 491 | - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
|