diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/device.c b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/device.c
index a0c66f4..4f9b214 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/device.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/device.c
@@ -15,23 +15,6 @@ MODULE_PARM_DESC(
 	"Allow IOMMUFD to bind to devices even if the platform cannot isolate "
 	"the MSI interrupt window. Enabling this is a security weakness.");
 
-/*
- * A iommufd_device object represents the binding relationship between a
- * consuming driver and the iommufd. These objects are created/destroyed by
- * external drivers, not by userspace.
- */
-struct iommufd_device {
-	struct iommufd_object obj;
-	struct iommufd_ctx *ictx;
-	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
-	/* Head at iommufd_hw_pagetable::devices */
-	struct list_head devices_item;
-	/* always the physical device */
-	struct device *dev;
-	struct iommu_group *group;
-	bool enforce_cache_coherency;
-};
-
 void iommufd_device_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj)
 {
 	struct iommufd_device *idev =
@@ -39,7 +22,8 @@ void iommufd_device_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj)
 
 	iommu_device_release_dma_owner(idev->dev);
 	iommu_group_put(idev->group);
-	iommufd_ctx_put(idev->ictx);
+	if (!iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(idev->dev))
+		iommufd_ctx_put(idev->ictx);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -86,7 +70,8 @@ struct iommufd_device *iommufd_device_bind(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
 		goto out_release_owner;
 	}
 	idev->ictx = ictx;
-	iommufd_ctx_get(ictx);
+	if (!iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(dev))
+		iommufd_ctx_get(ictx);
 	idev->dev = dev;
 	idev->enforce_cache_coherency =
 		device_iommu_capable(dev, IOMMU_CAP_ENFORCE_CACHE_COHERENCY);
@@ -168,7 +153,8 @@ static int iommufd_device_setup_msi(struct iommufd_device *idev,
 	 * operation from the device (eg a simple DMA) cannot trigger an
 	 * interrupt outside this iommufd context.
 	 */
-	if (!iommu_group_has_isolated_msi(idev->group)) {
+	if (!iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(idev->dev) &&
+	    !iommu_group_has_isolated_msi(idev->group)) {
 		if (!allow_unsafe_interrupts)
 			return -EPERM;
 
@@ -186,19 +172,24 @@ static bool iommufd_hw_pagetable_has_group(struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt,
 {
 	struct iommufd_device *cur_dev;
 
+	lockdep_assert_held(&hwpt->devices_lock);
+
 	list_for_each_entry(cur_dev, &hwpt->devices, devices_item)
 		if (cur_dev->group == group)
 			return true;
 	return false;
 }
 
-static int iommufd_device_do_attach(struct iommufd_device *idev,
-				    struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt)
+int iommufd_hw_pagetable_attach(struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt,
+				struct iommufd_device *idev)
 {
 	phys_addr_t sw_msi_start = PHYS_ADDR_MAX;
 	int rc;
 
-	mutex_lock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
+	lockdep_assert_held(&hwpt->devices_lock);
+
+	if (WARN_ON(idev->hwpt))
+		return -EINVAL;
 
 	/*
 	 * Try to upgrade the domain we have, it is an iommu driver bug to
@@ -213,19 +204,18 @@ static int iommufd_device_do_attach(struct iommufd_device *idev,
 					hwpt->domain);
 		if (!hwpt->enforce_cache_coherency) {
 			WARN_ON(list_empty(&hwpt->devices));
-			rc = -EINVAL;
-			goto out_unlock;
+			return -EINVAL;
 		}
 	}
 
 	rc = iopt_table_enforce_group_resv_regions(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, idev->dev,
 						   idev->group, &sw_msi_start);
 	if (rc)
-		goto out_unlock;
+		return rc;
 
 	rc = iommufd_device_setup_msi(idev, hwpt, sw_msi_start);
 	if (rc)
-		goto out_iova;
+		goto err_unresv;
 
 	/*
 	 * FIXME: Hack around missing a device-centric iommu api, only attach to
@@ -234,26 +224,35 @@ static int iommufd_device_do_attach(struct iommufd_device *idev,
 	if (!iommufd_hw_pagetable_has_group(hwpt, idev->group)) {
 		rc = iommu_attach_group(hwpt->domain, idev->group);
 		if (rc)
-			goto out_iova;
-
-		if (list_empty(&hwpt->devices)) {
-			rc = iopt_table_add_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt,
-						   hwpt->domain);
-			if (rc)
-				goto out_detach;
-		}
+			goto err_unresv;
 	}
+	return 0;
+err_unresv:
+	iopt_remove_reserved_iova(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, idev->dev);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+void iommufd_hw_pagetable_detach(struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt,
+				 struct iommufd_device *idev)
+{
+	if (!iommufd_hw_pagetable_has_group(hwpt, idev->group))
+		iommu_detach_group(hwpt->domain, idev->group);
+	iopt_remove_reserved_iova(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, idev->dev);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_device_do_attach(struct iommufd_device *idev,
+				    struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	mutex_lock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
+	rc = iommufd_hw_pagetable_attach(hwpt, idev);
+	if (rc)
+		goto out_unlock;
 
 	idev->hwpt = hwpt;
 	refcount_inc(&hwpt->obj.users);
 	list_add(&idev->devices_item, &hwpt->devices);
-	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
-	return 0;
-
-out_detach:
-	iommu_detach_group(hwpt->domain, idev->group);
-out_iova:
-	iopt_remove_reserved_iova(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, idev->dev);
 out_unlock:
 	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 	return rc;
@@ -280,7 +279,10 @@ static int iommufd_device_auto_get_domain(struct iommufd_device *idev,
 		if (!hwpt->auto_domain)
 			continue;
 
+		if (!iommufd_lock_obj(&hwpt->obj))
+			continue;
 		rc = iommufd_device_do_attach(idev, hwpt);
+		iommufd_put_object(&hwpt->obj);
 
 		/*
 		 * -EINVAL means the domain is incompatible with the device.
@@ -292,24 +294,16 @@ static int iommufd_device_auto_get_domain(struct iommufd_device *idev,
 		goto out_unlock;
 	}
 
-	hwpt = iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc(idev->ictx, ioas, idev->dev);
+	hwpt = iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc(idev->ictx, ioas, idev, true);
 	if (IS_ERR(hwpt)) {
 		rc = PTR_ERR(hwpt);
 		goto out_unlock;
 	}
 	hwpt->auto_domain = true;
 
-	rc = iommufd_device_do_attach(idev, hwpt);
-	if (rc)
-		goto out_abort;
-	list_add_tail(&hwpt->hwpt_item, &ioas->hwpt_list);
-
 	mutex_unlock(&ioas->mutex);
 	iommufd_object_finalize(idev->ictx, &hwpt->obj);
 	return 0;
-
-out_abort:
-	iommufd_object_abort_and_destroy(idev->ictx, &hwpt->obj);
 out_unlock:
 	mutex_unlock(&ioas->mutex);
 	return rc;
@@ -381,28 +375,17 @@ void iommufd_device_detach(struct iommufd_device *idev)
 {
 	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt = idev->hwpt;
 
-	mutex_lock(&hwpt->ioas->mutex);
 	mutex_lock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 	list_del(&idev->devices_item);
-	if (!iommufd_hw_pagetable_has_group(hwpt, idev->group)) {
-		if (list_empty(&hwpt->devices)) {
-			iopt_table_remove_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt,
-						 hwpt->domain);
-			list_del(&hwpt->hwpt_item);
-		}
-		iommu_detach_group(hwpt->domain, idev->group);
-	}
-	iopt_remove_reserved_iova(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, idev->dev);
+	idev->hwpt = NULL;
+	iommufd_hw_pagetable_detach(hwpt, idev);
 	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
-	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->ioas->mutex);
 
 	if (hwpt->auto_domain)
 		iommufd_object_destroy_user(idev->ictx, &hwpt->obj);
 	else
 		refcount_dec(&hwpt->obj.users);
 
-	idev->hwpt = NULL;
-
 	refcount_dec(&idev->obj.users);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(iommufd_device_detach, IOMMUFD);
@@ -412,17 +395,20 @@ void iommufd_access_destroy_object(struct iommufd_object *obj)
 	struct iommufd_access *access =
 		container_of(obj, struct iommufd_access, obj);
 
-	iopt_remove_access(&access->ioas->iopt, access);
+	if (access->ioas) {
+		iopt_remove_access(&access->ioas->iopt, access);
+		refcount_dec(&access->ioas->obj.users);
+		access->ioas = NULL;
+	}
 	iommufd_ctx_put(access->ictx);
-	refcount_dec(&access->ioas->obj.users);
 }
 
 /**
  * iommufd_access_create - Create an iommufd_access
  * @ictx: iommufd file descriptor
- * @ioas_id: ID for a IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS
  * @ops: Driver's ops to associate with the access
  * @data: Opaque data to pass into ops functions
+ * @id: Output ID number to return to userspace for this access
  *
  * An iommufd_access allows a driver to read/write to the IOAS without using
  * DMA. The underlying CPU memory can be accessed using the
@@ -431,12 +417,10 @@ void iommufd_access_destroy_object(struct iommufd_object *obj)
  * The provided ops are required to use iommufd_access_pin_pages().
  */
 struct iommufd_access *
-iommufd_access_create(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, u32 ioas_id,
-		      const struct iommufd_access_ops *ops, void *data)
+iommufd_access_create(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
+		      const struct iommufd_access_ops *ops, void *data, u32 *id)
 {
 	struct iommufd_access *access;
-	struct iommufd_object *obj;
-	int rc;
 
 	/*
 	 * There is no uAPI for the access object, but to keep things symmetric
@@ -449,33 +433,18 @@ iommufd_access_create(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, u32 ioas_id,
 	access->data = data;
 	access->ops = ops;
 
-	obj = iommufd_get_object(ictx, ioas_id, IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS);
-	if (IS_ERR(obj)) {
-		rc = PTR_ERR(obj);
-		goto out_abort;
-	}
-	access->ioas = container_of(obj, struct iommufd_ioas, obj);
-	iommufd_ref_to_users(obj);
-
 	if (ops->needs_pin_pages)
 		access->iova_alignment = PAGE_SIZE;
 	else
 		access->iova_alignment = 1;
-	rc = iopt_add_access(&access->ioas->iopt, access);
-	if (rc)
-		goto out_put_ioas;
 
 	/* The calling driver is a user until iommufd_access_destroy() */
 	refcount_inc(&access->obj.users);
 	access->ictx = ictx;
 	iommufd_ctx_get(ictx);
 	iommufd_object_finalize(ictx, &access->obj);
+	*id = access->obj.id;
 	return access;
-out_put_ioas:
-	refcount_dec(&access->ioas->obj.users);
-out_abort:
-	iommufd_object_abort(ictx, &access->obj);
-	return ERR_PTR(rc);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(iommufd_access_create, IOMMUFD);
 
@@ -494,6 +463,30 @@ void iommufd_access_destroy(struct iommufd_access *access)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(iommufd_access_destroy, IOMMUFD);
 
+int iommufd_access_attach(struct iommufd_access *access, u32 ioas_id)
+{
+	struct iommufd_ioas *new_ioas;
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	if (access->ioas)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	new_ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(access->ictx, ioas_id);
+	if (IS_ERR(new_ioas))
+		return PTR_ERR(new_ioas);
+
+	rc = iopt_add_access(&new_ioas->iopt, access);
+	if (rc) {
+		iommufd_put_object(&new_ioas->obj);
+		return rc;
+	}
+	iommufd_ref_to_users(&new_ioas->obj);
+
+	access->ioas = new_ioas;
+	return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(iommufd_access_attach, IOMMUFD);
+
 /**
  * iommufd_access_notify_unmap - Notify users of an iopt to stop using it
  * @iopt: iopt to work on
@@ -726,41 +719,3 @@ err_out:
 	return rc;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(iommufd_access_rw, IOMMUFD);
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD_TEST
-/*
- * Creating a real iommufd_device is too hard, bypass creating a iommufd_device
- * and go directly to attaching a domain.
- */
-struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *
-iommufd_device_selftest_attach(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
-			       struct iommufd_ioas *ioas,
-			       struct device *mock_dev)
-{
-	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
-	int rc;
-
-	hwpt = iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc(ictx, ioas, mock_dev);
-	if (IS_ERR(hwpt))
-		return hwpt;
-
-	rc = iopt_table_add_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, hwpt->domain);
-	if (rc)
-		goto out_hwpt;
-
-	refcount_inc(&hwpt->obj.users);
-	iommufd_object_finalize(ictx, &hwpt->obj);
-	return hwpt;
-
-out_hwpt:
-	iommufd_object_abort_and_destroy(ictx, &hwpt->obj);
-	return ERR_PTR(rc);
-}
-
-void iommufd_device_selftest_detach(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
-				    struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt)
-{
-	iopt_table_remove_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, hwpt->domain);
-	refcount_dec(&hwpt->obj.users);
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/hw_pagetable.c b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/hw_pagetable.c
index 43d4739..6cdb674 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/hw_pagetable.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/hw_pagetable.c
@@ -13,7 +13,17 @@ void iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj)
 
 	WARN_ON(!list_empty(&hwpt->devices));
 
-	iommu_domain_free(hwpt->domain);
+	if (!list_empty(&hwpt->hwpt_item)) {
+		mutex_lock(&hwpt->ioas->mutex);
+		list_del(&hwpt->hwpt_item);
+		mutex_unlock(&hwpt->ioas->mutex);
+
+		iopt_table_remove_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, hwpt->domain);
+	}
+
+	if (hwpt->domain)
+		iommu_domain_free(hwpt->domain);
+
 	refcount_dec(&hwpt->ioas->obj.users);
 	mutex_destroy(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 }
@@ -22,36 +32,74 @@ void iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj)
  * iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc() - Get an iommu_domain for a device
  * @ictx: iommufd context
  * @ioas: IOAS to associate the domain with
- * @dev: Device to get an iommu_domain for
+ * @idev: Device to get an iommu_domain for
+ * @immediate_attach: True if idev should be attached to the hwpt
  *
- * Allocate a new iommu_domain and return it as a hw_pagetable.
+ * Allocate a new iommu_domain and return it as a hw_pagetable. The HWPT
+ * will be linked to the given ioas and upon return the underlying iommu_domain
+ * is fully popoulated.
  */
 struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *
 iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, struct iommufd_ioas *ioas,
-			   struct device *dev)
+			   struct iommufd_device *idev, bool immediate_attach)
 {
 	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
 	int rc;
 
+	lockdep_assert_held(&ioas->mutex);
+
 	hwpt = iommufd_object_alloc(ictx, hwpt, IOMMUFD_OBJ_HW_PAGETABLE);
 	if (IS_ERR(hwpt))
 		return hwpt;
 
-	hwpt->domain = iommu_domain_alloc(dev->bus);
-	if (!hwpt->domain) {
-		rc = -ENOMEM;
-		goto out_abort;
-	}
-
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&hwpt->devices);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&hwpt->hwpt_item);
 	mutex_init(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 	/* Pairs with iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy() */
 	refcount_inc(&ioas->obj.users);
 	hwpt->ioas = ioas;
+
+	hwpt->domain = iommu_domain_alloc(idev->dev->bus);
+	if (!hwpt->domain) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto out_abort;
+	}
+
+	mutex_lock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
+
+	/*
+	 * immediate_attach exists only to accommodate iommu drivers that cannot
+	 * directly allocate a domain. These drivers do not finish creating the
+	 * domain until attach is completed. Thus we must have this call
+	 * sequence. Once those drivers are fixed this should be removed.
+	 */
+	if (immediate_attach) {
+		rc = iommufd_hw_pagetable_attach(hwpt, idev);
+		if (rc)
+			goto out_unlock;
+	}
+
+	rc = iopt_table_add_domain(&hwpt->ioas->iopt, hwpt->domain);
+	if (rc)
+		goto out_detach;
+	list_add_tail(&hwpt->hwpt_item, &hwpt->ioas->hwpt_list);
+
+	if (immediate_attach) {
+		/* See iommufd_device_do_attach() */
+		refcount_inc(&hwpt->obj.users);
+		idev->hwpt = hwpt;
+		list_add(&idev->devices_item, &hwpt->devices);
+	}
+
+	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 	return hwpt;
 
+out_detach:
+	if (immediate_attach)
+		iommufd_hw_pagetable_detach(hwpt, idev);
+out_unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&hwpt->devices_lock);
 out_abort:
-	iommufd_object_abort(ictx, &hwpt->obj);
+	iommufd_object_abort_and_destroy(ictx, &hwpt->obj);
 	return ERR_PTR(rc);
 }
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/ioas.c b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/ioas.c
index 31577e9..d562457 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/ioas.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/ioas.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_iova_ranges(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	if (cmd->__reserved)
 		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->ioas_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_allow_iovas(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	if (cmd->__reserved)
 		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->ioas_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 	iopt = &ioas->iopt;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_map(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	if (cmd->iova >= ULONG_MAX || cmd->length >= ULONG_MAX)
 		return -EOVERFLOW;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->ioas_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_copy(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	    cmd->dst_iova >= ULONG_MAX)
 		return -EOVERFLOW;
 
-	src_ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->src_ioas_id);
+	src_ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->src_ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(src_ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(src_ioas);
 	rc = iopt_get_pages(&src_ioas->iopt, cmd->src_iova, cmd->length,
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_copy(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	if (rc)
 		return rc;
 
-	dst_ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->dst_ioas_id);
+	dst_ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->dst_ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(dst_ioas)) {
 		rc = PTR_ERR(dst_ioas);
 		goto out_pages;
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_unmap(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	unsigned long unmapped = 0;
 	int rc;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->ioas_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ int iommufd_ioas_option(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 	if (cmd->__reserved)
 		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->object_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->object_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_private.h b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_private.h
index 9d7f715..b38e67d 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_private.h
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_private.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 struct iommu_domain;
 struct iommu_group;
 struct iommu_option;
+struct iommufd_device;
 
 struct iommufd_ctx {
 	struct file *file;
@@ -211,10 +212,10 @@ struct iommufd_ioas {
 	struct list_head hwpt_list;
 };
 
-static inline struct iommufd_ioas *iommufd_get_ioas(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
+static inline struct iommufd_ioas *iommufd_get_ioas(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
 						    u32 id)
 {
-	return container_of(iommufd_get_object(ucmd->ictx, id,
+	return container_of(iommufd_get_object(ictx, id,
 					       IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS),
 			    struct iommufd_ioas, obj);
 }
@@ -254,9 +255,30 @@ struct iommufd_hw_pagetable {
 
 struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *
 iommufd_hw_pagetable_alloc(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, struct iommufd_ioas *ioas,
-			   struct device *dev);
+			   struct iommufd_device *idev, bool immediate_attach);
+int iommufd_hw_pagetable_attach(struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt,
+				struct iommufd_device *idev);
+void iommufd_hw_pagetable_detach(struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt,
+				 struct iommufd_device *idev);
 void iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj);
 
+/*
+ * A iommufd_device object represents the binding relationship between a
+ * consuming driver and the iommufd. These objects are created/destroyed by
+ * external drivers, not by userspace.
+ */
+struct iommufd_device {
+	struct iommufd_object obj;
+	struct iommufd_ctx *ictx;
+	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
+	/* Head at iommufd_hw_pagetable::devices */
+	struct list_head devices_item;
+	/* always the physical device */
+	struct device *dev;
+	struct iommu_group *group;
+	bool enforce_cache_coherency;
+};
+
 void iommufd_device_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj);
 
 struct iommufd_access {
@@ -275,12 +297,6 @@ void iopt_remove_access(struct io_pagetable *iopt,
 void iommufd_access_destroy_object(struct iommufd_object *obj);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD_TEST
-struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *
-iommufd_device_selftest_attach(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
-			       struct iommufd_ioas *ioas,
-			       struct device *mock_dev);
-void iommufd_device_selftest_detach(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
-				    struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt);
 int iommufd_test(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd);
 void iommufd_selftest_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj);
 extern size_t iommufd_test_memory_limit;
@@ -289,6 +305,7 @@ void iommufd_test_syz_conv_iova_id(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 bool iommufd_should_fail(void);
 void __init iommufd_test_init(void);
 void iommufd_test_exit(void);
+bool iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(struct device *dev);
 #else
 static inline void iommufd_test_syz_conv_iova_id(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 						 unsigned int ioas_id,
@@ -305,5 +322,9 @@ static inline void __init iommufd_test_init(void)
 static inline void iommufd_test_exit(void)
 {
 }
+static inline bool iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return false;
+}
 #endif
 #endif
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_test.h b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_test.h
index 1d96a8f..b3d69cc 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_test.h
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/iommufd_test.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ struct iommu_test_cmd {
 			__aligned_u64 length;
 		} add_reserved;
 		struct {
-			__u32 out_device_id;
+			__u32 out_stdev_id;
 			__u32 out_hwpt_id;
 		} mock_domain;
 		struct {
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/selftest.c b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/selftest.c
index cfb5fe9..74c2076 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/selftest.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/selftest.c
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void iommufd_test_syz_conv_iova_id(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 		return;
 	*flags &= ~(u32)MOCK_FLAGS_ACCESS_SYZ;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, ioas_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, ioas_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return;
 	*iova = iommufd_test_syz_conv_iova(&ioas->iopt, iova);
@@ -91,23 +91,50 @@ enum selftest_obj_type {
 	TYPE_IDEV,
 };
 
+struct mock_dev {
+	struct device dev;
+};
+
 struct selftest_obj {
 	struct iommufd_object obj;
 	enum selftest_obj_type type;
 
 	union {
 		struct {
-			struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
+			struct iommufd_device *idev;
 			struct iommufd_ctx *ictx;
-			struct device mock_dev;
+			struct mock_dev *mock_dev;
 		} idev;
 	};
 };
 
+static void mock_domain_blocking_free(struct iommu_domain *domain)
+{
+}
+
+static int mock_domain_nop_attach(struct iommu_domain *domain,
+				  struct device *dev)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static const struct iommu_domain_ops mock_blocking_ops = {
+	.free = mock_domain_blocking_free,
+	.attach_dev = mock_domain_nop_attach,
+};
+
+static struct iommu_domain mock_blocking_domain = {
+	.type = IOMMU_DOMAIN_BLOCKED,
+	.ops = &mock_blocking_ops,
+};
+
 static struct iommu_domain *mock_domain_alloc(unsigned int iommu_domain_type)
 {
 	struct mock_iommu_domain *mock;
 
+	if (iommu_domain_type == IOMMU_DOMAIN_BLOCKED)
+		return &mock_blocking_domain;
+
 	if (WARN_ON(iommu_domain_type != IOMMU_DOMAIN_UNMANAGED))
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -236,19 +263,39 @@ static phys_addr_t mock_domain_iova_to_phys(struct iommu_domain *domain,
 	return (xa_to_value(ent) & MOCK_PFN_MASK) * MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE;
 }
 
+static bool mock_domain_capable(struct device *dev, enum iommu_cap cap)
+{
+	return cap == IOMMU_CAP_CACHE_COHERENCY;
+}
+
+static void mock_domain_set_plaform_dma_ops(struct device *dev)
+{
+	/*
+	 * mock doesn't setup default domains because we can't hook into the
+	 * normal probe path
+	 */
+}
+
 static const struct iommu_ops mock_ops = {
 	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
 	.pgsize_bitmap = MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE,
 	.domain_alloc = mock_domain_alloc,
+	.capable = mock_domain_capable,
+	.set_platform_dma_ops = mock_domain_set_plaform_dma_ops,
 	.default_domain_ops =
 		&(struct iommu_domain_ops){
 			.free = mock_domain_free,
+			.attach_dev = mock_domain_nop_attach,
 			.map_pages = mock_domain_map_pages,
 			.unmap_pages = mock_domain_unmap_pages,
 			.iova_to_phys = mock_domain_iova_to_phys,
 		},
 };
 
+static struct iommu_device mock_iommu_device = {
+	.ops = &mock_ops,
+};
+
 static inline struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *
 get_md_pagetable(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd, u32 mockpt_id,
 		 struct mock_iommu_domain **mock)
@@ -269,48 +316,142 @@ get_md_pagetable(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd, u32 mockpt_id,
 	return hwpt;
 }
 
+static struct bus_type iommufd_mock_bus_type = {
+	.name = "iommufd_mock",
+	.iommu_ops = &mock_ops,
+};
+
+static void mock_dev_release(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct mock_dev *mdev = container_of(dev, struct mock_dev, dev);
+
+	kfree(mdev);
+}
+
+static struct mock_dev *mock_dev_create(void)
+{
+	struct iommu_group *iommu_group;
+	struct dev_iommu *dev_iommu;
+	struct mock_dev *mdev;
+	int rc;
+
+	mdev = kzalloc(sizeof(*mdev), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!mdev)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+
+	device_initialize(&mdev->dev);
+	mdev->dev.release = mock_dev_release;
+	mdev->dev.bus = &iommufd_mock_bus_type;
+
+	iommu_group = iommu_group_alloc();
+	if (IS_ERR(iommu_group)) {
+		rc = PTR_ERR(iommu_group);
+		goto err_put;
+	}
+
+	rc = dev_set_name(&mdev->dev, "iommufd_mock%u",
+			  iommu_group_id(iommu_group));
+	if (rc)
+		goto err_group;
+
+	/*
+	 * The iommu core has no way to associate a single device with an iommu
+	 * driver (heck currently it can't even support two iommu_drivers
+	 * registering). Hack it together with an open coded dev_iommu_get().
+	 * Notice that the normal notifier triggered iommu release process also
+	 * does not work here because this bus is not in iommu_buses.
+	 */
+	mdev->dev.iommu = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev_iommu), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!mdev->dev.iommu) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_group;
+	}
+	mutex_init(&mdev->dev.iommu->lock);
+	mdev->dev.iommu->iommu_dev = &mock_iommu_device;
+
+	rc = device_add(&mdev->dev);
+	if (rc)
+		goto err_dev_iommu;
+
+	rc = iommu_group_add_device(iommu_group, &mdev->dev);
+	if (rc)
+		goto err_del;
+	iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
+	return mdev;
+
+err_del:
+	device_del(&mdev->dev);
+err_dev_iommu:
+	kfree(mdev->dev.iommu);
+	mdev->dev.iommu = NULL;
+err_group:
+	iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
+err_put:
+	put_device(&mdev->dev);
+	return ERR_PTR(rc);
+}
+
+static void mock_dev_destroy(struct mock_dev *mdev)
+{
+	iommu_group_remove_device(&mdev->dev);
+	device_del(&mdev->dev);
+	kfree(mdev->dev.iommu);
+	mdev->dev.iommu = NULL;
+	put_device(&mdev->dev);
+}
+
+bool iommufd_selftest_is_mock_dev(struct device *dev)
+{
+	return dev->release == mock_dev_release;
+}
+
 /* Create an hw_pagetable with the mock domain so we can test the domain ops */
 static int iommufd_test_mock_domain(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 				    struct iommu_test_cmd *cmd)
 {
-	static struct bus_type mock_bus = { .iommu_ops = &mock_ops };
-	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
+	struct iommufd_device *idev;
 	struct selftest_obj *sobj;
-	struct iommufd_ioas *ioas;
+	u32 pt_id = cmd->id;
+	u32 idev_id;
 	int rc;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->id);
-	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
-		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
-
 	sobj = iommufd_object_alloc(ucmd->ictx, sobj, IOMMUFD_OBJ_SELFTEST);
-	if (IS_ERR(sobj)) {
-		rc = PTR_ERR(sobj);
-		goto out_ioas;
-	}
+	if (IS_ERR(sobj))
+		return PTR_ERR(sobj);
+
 	sobj->idev.ictx = ucmd->ictx;
 	sobj->type = TYPE_IDEV;
-	sobj->idev.mock_dev.bus = &mock_bus;
 
-	hwpt = iommufd_device_selftest_attach(ucmd->ictx, ioas,
-					      &sobj->idev.mock_dev);
-	if (IS_ERR(hwpt)) {
-		rc = PTR_ERR(hwpt);
+	sobj->idev.mock_dev = mock_dev_create();
+	if (IS_ERR(sobj->idev.mock_dev)) {
+		rc = PTR_ERR(sobj->idev.mock_dev);
 		goto out_sobj;
 	}
-	sobj->idev.hwpt = hwpt;
 
-	/* Userspace must destroy both of these IDs to destroy the object */
-	cmd->mock_domain.out_hwpt_id = hwpt->obj.id;
-	cmd->mock_domain.out_device_id = sobj->obj.id;
+	idev = iommufd_device_bind(ucmd->ictx, &sobj->idev.mock_dev->dev,
+				   &idev_id);
+	if (IS_ERR(idev)) {
+		rc = PTR_ERR(idev);
+		goto out_mdev;
+	}
+	sobj->idev.idev = idev;
+
+	rc = iommufd_device_attach(idev, &pt_id);
+	if (rc)
+		goto out_unbind;
+
+	/* Userspace must destroy the device_id to destroy the object */
+	cmd->mock_domain.out_hwpt_id = pt_id;
+	cmd->mock_domain.out_stdev_id = sobj->obj.id;
 	iommufd_object_finalize(ucmd->ictx, &sobj->obj);
-	iommufd_put_object(&ioas->obj);
 	return iommufd_ucmd_respond(ucmd, sizeof(*cmd));
 
+out_unbind:
+	iommufd_device_unbind(idev);
+out_mdev:
+	mock_dev_destroy(sobj->idev.mock_dev);
 out_sobj:
 	iommufd_object_abort(ucmd->ictx, &sobj->obj);
-out_ioas:
-	iommufd_put_object(&ioas->obj);
 	return rc;
 }
 
@@ -322,7 +463,7 @@ static int iommufd_test_add_reserved(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 	struct iommufd_ioas *ioas;
 	int rc;
 
-	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, mockpt_id);
+	ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, mockpt_id);
 	if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 		return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 	down_write(&ioas->iopt.iova_rwsem);
@@ -339,10 +480,12 @@ static int iommufd_test_md_check_pa(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 {
 	struct iommufd_hw_pagetable *hwpt;
 	struct mock_iommu_domain *mock;
+	uintptr_t end;
 	int rc;
 
 	if (iova % MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE || length % MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE ||
-	    (uintptr_t)uptr % MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE)
+	    (uintptr_t)uptr % MOCK_IO_PAGE_SIZE ||
+	    check_add_overflow((uintptr_t)uptr, (uintptr_t)length, &end))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
 	hwpt = get_md_pagetable(ucmd, mockpt_id, &mock);
@@ -390,7 +533,10 @@ static int iommufd_test_md_check_refs(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 				      void __user *uptr, size_t length,
 				      unsigned int refs)
 {
-	if (length % PAGE_SIZE || (uintptr_t)uptr % PAGE_SIZE)
+	uintptr_t end;
+
+	if (length % PAGE_SIZE || (uintptr_t)uptr % PAGE_SIZE ||
+	    check_add_overflow((uintptr_t)uptr, (uintptr_t)length, &end))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
 	for (; length; length -= PAGE_SIZE) {
@@ -554,6 +700,7 @@ static int iommufd_test_create_access(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 	struct iommu_test_cmd *cmd = ucmd->cmd;
 	struct selftest_access *staccess;
 	struct iommufd_access *access;
+	u32 id;
 	int fdno;
 	int rc;
 
@@ -571,15 +718,18 @@ static int iommufd_test_create_access(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd,
 	}
 
 	access = iommufd_access_create(
-		ucmd->ictx, ioas_id,
+		ucmd->ictx,
 		(flags & MOCK_FLAGS_ACCESS_CREATE_NEEDS_PIN_PAGES) ?
 			&selftest_access_ops_pin :
 			&selftest_access_ops,
-		staccess);
+		staccess, &id);
 	if (IS_ERR(access)) {
 		rc = PTR_ERR(access);
 		goto out_put_fdno;
 	}
+	rc = iommufd_access_attach(access, ioas_id);
+	if (rc)
+		goto out_destroy;
 	cmd->create_access.out_access_fd = fdno;
 	rc = iommufd_ucmd_respond(ucmd, sizeof(*cmd));
 	if (rc)
@@ -780,8 +930,9 @@ void iommufd_selftest_destroy(struct iommufd_object *obj)
 
 	switch (sobj->type) {
 	case TYPE_IDEV:
-		iommufd_device_selftest_detach(sobj->idev.ictx,
-					       sobj->idev.hwpt);
+		iommufd_device_detach(sobj->idev.idev);
+		iommufd_device_unbind(sobj->idev.idev);
+		mock_dev_destroy(sobj->idev.mock_dev);
 		break;
 	}
 }
@@ -845,9 +996,11 @@ void __init iommufd_test_init(void)
 {
 	dbgfs_root =
 		fault_create_debugfs_attr("fail_iommufd", NULL, &fail_iommufd);
+	WARN_ON(bus_register(&iommufd_mock_bus_type));
 }
 
 void iommufd_test_exit(void)
 {
 	debugfs_remove_recursive(dbgfs_root);
+	bus_unregister(&iommufd_mock_bus_type);
 }
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/vfio_compat.c b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/vfio_compat.c
index 514494a..fe02517 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/iommufd/vfio_compat.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/iommufd/vfio_compat.c
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ int iommufd_vfio_ioas(struct iommufd_ucmd *ucmd)
 		return iommufd_ucmd_respond(ucmd, sizeof(*cmd));
 
 	case IOMMU_VFIO_IOAS_SET:
-		ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd, cmd->ioas_id);
+		ioas = iommufd_get_ioas(ucmd->ictx, cmd->ioas_id);
 		if (IS_ERR(ioas))
 			return PTR_ERR(ioas);
 		xa_lock(&ucmd->ictx->objects);
diff --git a/drivers/vfio/iommufd.c b/drivers/vfio/iommufd.c
index db4efbd..88b00c5 100644
--- a/drivers/vfio/iommufd.c
+++ b/drivers/vfio/iommufd.c
@@ -32,13 +32,6 @@ int vfio_iommufd_bind(struct vfio_device *vdev, struct iommufd_ctx *ictx)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * If the driver doesn't provide this op then it means the device does
-	 * not do DMA at all. So nothing to do.
-	 */
-	if (!vdev->ops->bind_iommufd)
-		return 0;
-
 	ret = vdev->ops->bind_iommufd(vdev, ictx, &device_id);
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
@@ -119,7 +112,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommufd_physical_attach_ioas);
 /*
  * The emulated standard ops mean that vfio_device is going to use the
  * "mdev path" and will call vfio_pin_pages()/vfio_dma_rw(). Drivers using this
- * ops set should call vfio_register_emulated_iommu_dev().
+ * ops set should call vfio_register_emulated_iommu_dev(). Drivers that do
+ * not call vfio_pin_pages()/vfio_dma_rw() have no need to provide dma_unmap.
  */
 
 static void vfio_emulated_unmap(void *data, unsigned long iova,
@@ -127,7 +121,8 @@ static void vfio_emulated_unmap(void *data, unsigned long iova,
 {
 	struct vfio_device *vdev = data;
 
-	vdev->ops->dma_unmap(vdev, iova, length);
+	if (vdev->ops->dma_unmap)
+		vdev->ops->dma_unmap(vdev, iova, length);
 }
 
 static const struct iommufd_access_ops vfio_user_ops = {
@@ -138,10 +133,14 @@ static const struct iommufd_access_ops vfio_user_ops = {
 int vfio_iommufd_emulated_bind(struct vfio_device *vdev,
 			       struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, u32 *out_device_id)
 {
+	struct iommufd_access *user;
+
 	lockdep_assert_held(&vdev->dev_set->lock);
 
-	vdev->iommufd_ictx = ictx;
-	iommufd_ctx_get(ictx);
+	user = iommufd_access_create(ictx, &vfio_user_ops, vdev, out_device_id);
+	if (IS_ERR(user))
+		return PTR_ERR(user);
+	vdev->iommufd_access = user;
 	return 0;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommufd_emulated_bind);
@@ -152,24 +151,24 @@ void vfio_iommufd_emulated_unbind(struct vfio_device *vdev)
 
 	if (vdev->iommufd_access) {
 		iommufd_access_destroy(vdev->iommufd_access);
+		vdev->iommufd_attached = false;
 		vdev->iommufd_access = NULL;
 	}
-	iommufd_ctx_put(vdev->iommufd_ictx);
-	vdev->iommufd_ictx = NULL;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommufd_emulated_unbind);
 
 int vfio_iommufd_emulated_attach_ioas(struct vfio_device *vdev, u32 *pt_id)
 {
-	struct iommufd_access *user;
+	int rc;
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&vdev->dev_set->lock);
 
-	user = iommufd_access_create(vdev->iommufd_ictx, *pt_id, &vfio_user_ops,
-				     vdev);
-	if (IS_ERR(user))
-		return PTR_ERR(user);
-	vdev->iommufd_access = user;
+	if (vdev->iommufd_attached)
+		return -EBUSY;
+	rc = iommufd_access_attach(vdev->iommufd_access, *pt_id);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	vdev->iommufd_attached = true;
 	return 0;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommufd_emulated_attach_ioas);
diff --git a/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c b/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
index 43bd6b7..89497c9 100644
--- a/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
+++ b/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
@@ -255,8 +255,9 @@ static int __vfio_register_dev(struct vfio_device *device,
 {
 	int ret;
 
-	if (WARN_ON(device->ops->bind_iommufd &&
-		    (!device->ops->unbind_iommufd ||
+	if (WARN_ON(IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IOMMUFD) &&
+		    (!device->ops->bind_iommufd ||
+		     !device->ops->unbind_iommufd ||
 		     !device->ops->attach_ioas)))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
diff --git a/include/linux/iommufd.h b/include/linux/iommufd.h
index c0b5b3a..1129a36 100644
--- a/include/linux/iommufd.h
+++ b/include/linux/iommufd.h
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@ enum {
 };
 
 struct iommufd_access *
-iommufd_access_create(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx, u32 ioas_id,
-		      const struct iommufd_access_ops *ops, void *data);
+iommufd_access_create(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx,
+		      const struct iommufd_access_ops *ops, void *data, u32 *id);
 void iommufd_access_destroy(struct iommufd_access *access);
+int iommufd_access_attach(struct iommufd_access *access, u32 ioas_id);
 
 void iommufd_ctx_get(struct iommufd_ctx *ictx);
 
diff --git a/include/linux/vfio.h b/include/linux/vfio.h
index 93134b0..3188d8a 100644
--- a/include/linux/vfio.h
+++ b/include/linux/vfio.h
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ struct vfio_device {
 	void (*put_kvm)(struct kvm *kvm);
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IOMMUFD)
 	struct iommufd_device *iommufd_device;
-	struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd_ictx;
 	bool iommufd_attached;
 #endif
 };
diff --git a/samples/vfio-mdev/mbochs.c b/samples/vfio-mdev/mbochs.c
index e54eb75..19391dd 100644
--- a/samples/vfio-mdev/mbochs.c
+++ b/samples/vfio-mdev/mbochs.c
@@ -1374,6 +1374,9 @@ static const struct vfio_device_ops mbochs_dev_ops = {
 	.write = mbochs_write,
 	.ioctl = mbochs_ioctl,
 	.mmap = mbochs_mmap,
+	.bind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_bind,
+	.unbind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_unbind,
+	.attach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_attach_ioas,
 };
 
 static struct mdev_driver mbochs_driver = {
diff --git a/samples/vfio-mdev/mdpy.c b/samples/vfio-mdev/mdpy.c
index e8400fd..5f48aef 100644
--- a/samples/vfio-mdev/mdpy.c
+++ b/samples/vfio-mdev/mdpy.c
@@ -663,6 +663,9 @@ static const struct vfio_device_ops mdpy_dev_ops = {
 	.write = mdpy_write,
 	.ioctl = mdpy_ioctl,
 	.mmap = mdpy_mmap,
+	.bind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_bind,
+	.unbind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_unbind,
+	.attach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_attach_ioas,
 };
 
 static struct mdev_driver mdpy_driver = {
diff --git a/samples/vfio-mdev/mtty.c b/samples/vfio-mdev/mtty.c
index e887de6..3546090 100644
--- a/samples/vfio-mdev/mtty.c
+++ b/samples/vfio-mdev/mtty.c
@@ -1269,6 +1269,9 @@ static const struct vfio_device_ops mtty_dev_ops = {
 	.read = mtty_read,
 	.write = mtty_write,
 	.ioctl = mtty_ioctl,
+	.bind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_bind,
+	.unbind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_unbind,
+	.attach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_emulated_attach_ioas,
 };
 
 static struct mdev_driver mtty_driver = {
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd.c b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd.c
index fa08209..e4a6b33 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd.c
@@ -186,7 +186,8 @@ FIXTURE(iommufd_ioas)
 {
 	int fd;
 	uint32_t ioas_id;
-	uint32_t domain_id;
+	uint32_t stdev_id;
+	uint32_t hwpt_id;
 	uint64_t base_iova;
 };
 
@@ -212,7 +213,8 @@ FIXTURE_SETUP(iommufd_ioas)
 	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i != variant->mock_domains; i++) {
-		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, NULL, &self->domain_id);
+		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, &self->stdev_id,
+				     &self->hwpt_id);
 		self->base_iova = MOCK_APERTURE_START;
 	}
 }
@@ -249,8 +251,8 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, ioas_auto_destroy)
 
 TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, ioas_destroy)
 {
-	if (self->domain_id) {
-		/* IOAS cannot be freed while a domain is on it */
+	if (self->stdev_id) {
+		/* IOAS cannot be freed while a device has a HWPT using it */
 		EXPECT_ERRNO(EBUSY,
 			     _test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, self->ioas_id));
 	} else {
@@ -259,11 +261,21 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, ioas_destroy)
 	}
 }
 
+TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, hwpt_attach)
+{
+	/* Create a device attached directly to a hwpt */
+	if (self->stdev_id) {
+		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->hwpt_id, NULL, NULL);
+	} else {
+		test_err_mock_domain(ENOENT, self->hwpt_id, NULL, NULL);
+	}
+}
+
 TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, ioas_area_destroy)
 {
 	/* Adding an area does not change ability to destroy */
 	test_ioctl_ioas_map_fixed(buffer, PAGE_SIZE, self->base_iova);
-	if (self->domain_id)
+	if (self->stdev_id)
 		EXPECT_ERRNO(EBUSY,
 			     _test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, self->ioas_id));
 	else
@@ -382,7 +394,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, area_auto_iova)
 	for (i = 0; i != 10; i++) {
 		size_t length = PAGE_SIZE * (i + 1);
 
-		if (self->domain_id) {
+		if (self->stdev_id) {
 			test_ioctl_ioas_map(buffer, length, &iovas[i]);
 		} else {
 			test_ioctl_ioas_map((void *)(1UL << 31), length,
@@ -418,7 +430,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, area_auto_iova)
 		     ioctl(self->fd, IOMMU_IOAS_ALLOW_IOVAS, &allow_cmd));
 
 	/* Allocate from an allowed region */
-	if (self->domain_id) {
+	if (self->stdev_id) {
 		ranges[0].start = MOCK_APERTURE_START + PAGE_SIZE;
 		ranges[0].last = MOCK_APERTURE_START + PAGE_SIZE * 600 - 1;
 	} else {
@@ -525,7 +537,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, iova_ranges)
 	/* Range can be read */
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(self->fd, IOMMU_IOAS_IOVA_RANGES, &ranges_cmd));
 	EXPECT_EQ(1, ranges_cmd.num_iovas);
-	if (!self->domain_id) {
+	if (!self->stdev_id) {
 		EXPECT_EQ(0, ranges[0].start);
 		EXPECT_EQ(SIZE_MAX, ranges[0].last);
 		EXPECT_EQ(1, ranges_cmd.out_iova_alignment);
@@ -550,7 +562,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, iova_ranges)
 			&test_cmd));
 	ranges_cmd.num_iovas = BUFFER_SIZE / sizeof(*ranges);
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(self->fd, IOMMU_IOAS_IOVA_RANGES, &ranges_cmd));
-	if (!self->domain_id) {
+	if (!self->stdev_id) {
 		EXPECT_EQ(2, ranges_cmd.num_iovas);
 		EXPECT_EQ(0, ranges[0].start);
 		EXPECT_EQ(PAGE_SIZE - 1, ranges[0].last);
@@ -565,7 +577,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, iova_ranges)
 	/* Buffer too small */
 	memset(ranges, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
 	ranges_cmd.num_iovas = 1;
-	if (!self->domain_id) {
+	if (!self->stdev_id) {
 		EXPECT_ERRNO(EMSGSIZE, ioctl(self->fd, IOMMU_IOAS_IOVA_RANGES,
 					     &ranges_cmd));
 		EXPECT_EQ(2, ranges_cmd.num_iovas);
@@ -582,6 +594,40 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, iova_ranges)
 	EXPECT_EQ(0, ranges[1].last);
 }
 
+TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, access_domain_destory)
+{
+	struct iommu_test_cmd access_cmd = {
+		.size = sizeof(access_cmd),
+		.op = IOMMU_TEST_OP_ACCESS_PAGES,
+		.access_pages = { .iova = self->base_iova + PAGE_SIZE,
+				  .length = PAGE_SIZE},
+	};
+	size_t buf_size = 2 * HUGEPAGE_SIZE;
+	uint8_t *buf;
+
+	buf = mmap(0, buf_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+		   MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_HUGETLB | MAP_POPULATE, -1,
+		   0);
+	ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, buf);
+	test_ioctl_ioas_map_fixed(buf, buf_size, self->base_iova);
+
+	test_cmd_create_access(self->ioas_id, &access_cmd.id,
+			       MOCK_FLAGS_ACCESS_CREATE_NEEDS_PIN_PAGES);
+	access_cmd.access_pages.uptr = (uintptr_t)buf + PAGE_SIZE;
+	ASSERT_EQ(0,
+		  ioctl(self->fd, _IOMMU_TEST_CMD(IOMMU_TEST_OP_ACCESS_PAGES),
+			&access_cmd));
+
+	/* Causes a complicated unpin across a huge page boundary */
+	if (self->stdev_id)
+		test_ioctl_destroy(self->stdev_id);
+
+	test_cmd_destroy_access_pages(
+		access_cmd.id, access_cmd.access_pages.out_access_pages_id);
+	test_cmd_destroy_access(access_cmd.id);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(buf, buf_size));
+}
+
 TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, access_pin)
 {
 	struct iommu_test_cmd access_cmd = {
@@ -605,7 +651,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, access_pin)
 			       MOCK_FLAGS_ACCESS_CREATE_NEEDS_PIN_PAGES);
 
 	for (npages = 1; npages < BUFFER_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE; npages++) {
-		uint32_t mock_device_id;
+		uint32_t mock_stdev_id;
 		uint32_t mock_hwpt_id;
 
 		access_cmd.access_pages.length = npages * PAGE_SIZE;
@@ -637,15 +683,14 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, access_pin)
 		ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(self->fd,
 				   _IOMMU_TEST_CMD(IOMMU_TEST_OP_ACCESS_PAGES),
 				   &access_cmd));
-		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, &mock_device_id,
+		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, &mock_stdev_id,
 				     &mock_hwpt_id);
 		check_map_cmd.id = mock_hwpt_id;
 		ASSERT_EQ(0, ioctl(self->fd,
 				   _IOMMU_TEST_CMD(IOMMU_TEST_OP_MD_CHECK_MAP),
 				   &check_map_cmd));
 
-		test_ioctl_destroy(mock_device_id);
-		test_ioctl_destroy(mock_hwpt_id);
+		test_ioctl_destroy(mock_stdev_id);
 		test_cmd_destroy_access_pages(
 			access_cmd.id,
 			access_cmd.access_pages.out_access_pages_id);
@@ -789,7 +834,7 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_ioas, fork_gone)
 	ASSERT_NE(-1, child);
 	ASSERT_EQ(child, waitpid(child, NULL, 0));
 
-	if (self->domain_id) {
+	if (self->stdev_id) {
 		/*
 		 * If a domain already existed then everything was pinned within
 		 * the fork, so this copies from one domain to another.
@@ -988,8 +1033,8 @@ FIXTURE(iommufd_mock_domain)
 {
 	int fd;
 	uint32_t ioas_id;
-	uint32_t domain_id;
-	uint32_t domain_ids[2];
+	uint32_t hwpt_id;
+	uint32_t hwpt_ids[2];
 	int mmap_flags;
 	size_t mmap_buf_size;
 };
@@ -1008,11 +1053,11 @@ FIXTURE_SETUP(iommufd_mock_domain)
 	ASSERT_NE(-1, self->fd);
 	test_ioctl_ioas_alloc(&self->ioas_id);
 
-	ASSERT_GE(ARRAY_SIZE(self->domain_ids), variant->mock_domains);
+	ASSERT_GE(ARRAY_SIZE(self->hwpt_ids), variant->mock_domains);
 
 	for (i = 0; i != variant->mock_domains; i++)
-		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, NULL, &self->domain_ids[i]);
-	self->domain_id = self->domain_ids[0];
+		test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, NULL, &self->hwpt_ids[i]);
+	self->hwpt_id = self->hwpt_ids[0];
 
 	self->mmap_flags = MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS;
 	self->mmap_buf_size = PAGE_SIZE * 8;
@@ -1061,7 +1106,7 @@ FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(iommufd_mock_domain, two_domains_hugepage)
 		struct iommu_test_cmd check_map_cmd = {                      \
 			.size = sizeof(check_map_cmd),                       \
 			.op = IOMMU_TEST_OP_MD_CHECK_MAP,                    \
-			.id = self->domain_id,                               \
+			.id = self->hwpt_id,                                 \
 			.check_map = { .iova = _iova,                        \
 				       .length = _length,                    \
 				       .uptr = (uintptr_t)(_ptr) },          \
@@ -1070,8 +1115,8 @@ FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(iommufd_mock_domain, two_domains_hugepage)
 			  ioctl(self->fd,                                    \
 				_IOMMU_TEST_CMD(IOMMU_TEST_OP_MD_CHECK_MAP), \
 				&check_map_cmd));                            \
-		if (self->domain_ids[1]) {                                   \
-			check_map_cmd.id = self->domain_ids[1];              \
+		if (self->hwpt_ids[1]) {                                     \
+			check_map_cmd.id = self->hwpt_ids[1];                \
 			ASSERT_EQ(0,                                         \
 				  ioctl(self->fd,                            \
 					_IOMMU_TEST_CMD(                     \
@@ -1197,15 +1242,15 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_mock_domain, all_aligns_copy)
 		for (; end < buf_size; end += MOCK_PAGE_SIZE) {
 			size_t length = end - start;
 			unsigned int old_id;
-			uint32_t mock_device_id;
+			uint32_t mock_stdev_id;
 			__u64 iova;
 
 			test_ioctl_ioas_map(buf + start, length, &iova);
 
 			/* Add and destroy a domain while the area exists */
-			old_id = self->domain_ids[1];
-			test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, &mock_device_id,
-					     &self->domain_ids[1]);
+			old_id = self->hwpt_ids[1];
+			test_cmd_mock_domain(self->ioas_id, &mock_stdev_id,
+					     &self->hwpt_ids[1]);
 
 			check_mock_iova(buf + start, iova, length);
 			check_refs(buf + start / PAGE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE,
@@ -1213,9 +1258,8 @@ TEST_F(iommufd_mock_domain, all_aligns_copy)
 					   start / PAGE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE,
 				   1);
 
-			test_ioctl_destroy(mock_device_id);
-			test_ioctl_destroy(self->domain_ids[1]);
-			self->domain_ids[1] = old_id;
+			test_ioctl_destroy(mock_stdev_id);
+			self->hwpt_ids[1] = old_id;
 
 			test_ioctl_ioas_unmap(iova, length);
 		}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_fail_nth.c b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_fail_nth.c
index 9713111..d9afcb2 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_fail_nth.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_fail_nth.c
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, basic)
 TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_domain)
 {
 	uint32_t ioas_id;
-	__u32 device_id;
+	__u32 stdev_id;
 	__u32 hwpt_id;
 	__u64 iova;
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_domain)
 
 	fail_nth_enable();
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id, &hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id, &hwpt_id))
 		return -1;
 
 	if (_test_ioctl_ioas_map(self->fd, ioas_id, buffer, 262144, &iova,
@@ -321,12 +321,10 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_domain)
 					 IOMMU_IOAS_MAP_READABLE))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, device_id))
-		return -1;
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, stdev_id))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id, &hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id, &hwpt_id))
 		return -1;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -334,8 +332,8 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_domain)
 TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_two_domains)
 {
 	uint32_t ioas_id;
-	__u32 device_id2;
-	__u32 device_id;
+	__u32 stdev_id2;
+	__u32 stdev_id;
 	__u32 hwpt_id2;
 	__u32 hwpt_id;
 	__u64 iova;
@@ -350,12 +348,12 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_two_domains)
 	if (_test_ioctl_set_temp_memory_limit(self->fd, 32))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id, &hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id, &hwpt_id))
 		return -1;
 
 	fail_nth_enable();
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id2, &hwpt_id2))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id2, &hwpt_id2))
 		return -1;
 
 	if (_test_ioctl_ioas_map(self->fd, ioas_id, buffer, 262144, &iova,
@@ -363,19 +361,15 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, map_two_domains)
 					 IOMMU_IOAS_MAP_READABLE))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, device_id))
-		return -1;
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, stdev_id))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, device_id2))
-		return -1;
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, hwpt_id2))
+	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, stdev_id2))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id, &hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id, &hwpt_id))
 		return -1;
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id2, &hwpt_id2))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id2, &hwpt_id2))
 		return -1;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -518,7 +512,7 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, access_pin_domain)
 {
 	uint32_t access_pages_id;
 	uint32_t ioas_id;
-	__u32 device_id;
+	__u32 stdev_id;
 	__u32 hwpt_id;
 	__u64 iova;
 
@@ -532,7 +526,7 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, access_pin_domain)
 	if (_test_ioctl_set_temp_memory_limit(self->fd, 32))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &device_id, &hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, &stdev_id, &hwpt_id))
 		return -1;
 
 	if (_test_ioctl_ioas_map(self->fd, ioas_id, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, &iova,
@@ -570,9 +564,7 @@ TEST_FAIL_NTH(basic_fail_nth, access_pin_domain)
 		return -1;
 	self->access_id = 0;
 
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, device_id))
-		return -1;
-	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, hwpt_id))
+	if (_test_ioctl_destroy(self->fd, stdev_id))
 		return -1;
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_utils.h b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_utils.h
index 0d1f463..85d6662 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_utils.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/iommu/iommufd_utils.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static unsigned long BUFFER_SIZE;
 				&test_cmd));                                  \
 	})
 
-static int _test_cmd_mock_domain(int fd, unsigned int ioas_id, __u32 *device_id,
+static int _test_cmd_mock_domain(int fd, unsigned int ioas_id, __u32 *stdev_id,
 				 __u32 *hwpt_id)
 {
 	struct iommu_test_cmd cmd = {
@@ -52,19 +52,19 @@ static int _test_cmd_mock_domain(int fd, unsigned int ioas_id, __u32 *device_id,
 	ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_TEST_CMD, &cmd);
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
-	if (device_id)
-		*device_id = cmd.mock_domain.out_device_id;
+	if (stdev_id)
+		*stdev_id = cmd.mock_domain.out_stdev_id;
 	assert(cmd.id != 0);
 	if (hwpt_id)
 		*hwpt_id = cmd.mock_domain.out_hwpt_id;
 	return 0;
 }
-#define test_cmd_mock_domain(ioas_id, device_id, hwpt_id)                \
-	ASSERT_EQ(0, _test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, device_id, \
-					   hwpt_id))
-#define test_err_mock_domain(_errno, ioas_id, device_id, hwpt_id)     \
+#define test_cmd_mock_domain(ioas_id, stdev_id, hwpt_id) \
+	ASSERT_EQ(0,                                     \
+		  _test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, stdev_id, hwpt_id))
+#define test_err_mock_domain(_errno, ioas_id, stdev_id, hwpt_id)      \
 	EXPECT_ERRNO(_errno, _test_cmd_mock_domain(self->fd, ioas_id, \
-						   device_id, hwpt_id))
+						   stdev_id, hwpt_id))
 
 static int _test_cmd_create_access(int fd, unsigned int ioas_id,
 				   __u32 *access_id, unsigned int flags)