Notes on Filesystem Layout
--------------------------

These notes describe what mkcramfs generates.  Kernel requirements are
a bit looser, e.g. it doesn't care if the <file_data> items are
swapped around (though it does care that directory entries (inodes) in
a given directory are contiguous, as this is used by readdir).

All data is currently in host-endian format; neither mkcramfs nor the
kernel ever do swabbing.  (See section `Block Size' below.)

<filesystem>:
	<superblock>
	<directory_structure>
	<data>

<superblock>: struct cramfs_super (see cramfs_fs.h).

<directory_structure>:
	For each file:
		struct cramfs_inode (see cramfs_fs.h).
		Filename.  Not generally null-terminated, but it is
		 null-padded to a multiple of 4 bytes.

The order of inode traversal is described as "width-first" (not to be
confused with breadth-first); i.e. like depth-first but listing all of
a directory's entries before recursing down its subdirectories: the
same order as `ls -AUR' (but without the /^\..*:$/ directory header
lines); put another way, the same order as `find -type d -exec
ls -AU1 {} \;'.

Beginning in 2.4.7, directory entries are sorted.  This optimization
allows cramfs_lookup to return more quickly when a filename does not
exist, speeds up user-space directory sorts, etc.

<data>:
	One <file_data> for each file that's either a symlink or a
	 regular file of non-zero st_size.

<file_data>:
	nblocks * <block_pointer>
	 (where nblocks = (st_size - 1) / blksize + 1)
	nblocks * <block>
	padding to multiple of 4 bytes

The i'th <block_pointer> for a file stores the byte offset of the
*end* of the i'th <block> (i.e. one past the last byte, which is the
same as the start of the (i+1)'th <block> if there is one).  The first
<block> immediately follows the last <block_pointer> for the file.
<block_pointer>s are each 32 bits long.

When the CRAMFS_FLAG_EXT_BLOCK_POINTERS capability bit is set, each
<block_pointer>'s top bits may contain special flags as follows:

CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_UNCOMPRESSED (bit 31):
	The block data is not compressed and should be copied verbatim.

CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_DIRECT_PTR (bit 30):
	The <block_pointer> stores the actual block start offset and not
	its end, shifted right by 2 bits. The block must therefore be
	aligned to a 4-byte boundary. The block size is either blksize
	if CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_UNCOMPRESSED is also specified, otherwise
	the compressed data length is included in the first 2 bytes of
	the block data. This is used to allow discontiguous data layout
	and specific data block alignments e.g. for XIP applications.


The order of <file_data>'s is a depth-first descent of the directory
tree, i.e. the same order as `find -size +0 \( -type f -o -type l \)
-print'.


<block>: The i'th <block> is the output of zlib's compress function
applied to the i'th blksize-sized chunk of the input data if the
corresponding CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_UNCOMPRESSED <block_ptr> bit is not set,
otherwise it is the input data directly.
(For the last <block> of the file, the input may of course be smaller.)
Each <block> may be a different size.  (See <block_pointer> above.)

<block>s are merely byte-aligned, not generally u32-aligned.

When CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_DIRECT_PTR is specified then the corresponding
<block> may be located anywhere and not necessarily contiguous with
the previous/next blocks. In that case it is minimally u32-aligned.
If CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_UNCOMPRESSED is also specified then the size is always
blksize except for the last block which is limited by the file length.
If CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_DIRECT_PTR is set and CRAMFS_BLK_FLAG_UNCOMPRESSED
is not set then the first 2 bytes of the block contains the size of the
remaining block data as this cannot be determined from the placement of
logically adjacent blocks.


Holes
-----

This kernel supports cramfs holes (i.e. [efficient representation of]
blocks in uncompressed data consisting entirely of NUL bytes), but by
default mkcramfs doesn't test for & create holes, since cramfs in
kernels up to at least 2.3.39 didn't support holes.  Run mkcramfs
with -z if you want it to create files that can have holes in them.


Tools
-----

The cramfs user-space tools, including mkcramfs and cramfsck, are
located at <https://github.com/npitre/cramfs-tools>.